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Middle East Peace Programs
Jerusalem Conference Explores Options for Peace and Stability
Written by Dr. Nurit Hirschfeld, Director, Jerusalem Forum for Interfaith and Cooperation among Religions
Sunday, December 22, 2013
Jerusalem, Israel - UPF held an international conference in Jerusalem Dec. 19-22, 2013 on the topic of Interreligious and International Relations in the Middle East: Toward Peace and Stability. On the backdrop of sunny winter days that followed a blizzard, some 45 scholars, religious leaders, diplomats, geopolitical experts and NGO activists from five continents and 22 countries converged in search for optional solutions to the conflict in the Middle East. The discussions dealt with the current situation in the Middle East from broad perspectives and diverse angles.
The Middle East Peace Initiative (MEPI) supports peace efforts in the region through open dialogues, religious pilgrimages and peace tourism in Israel, Palestine and Jordan, thus offering both moral and economic support. Dr. Charles S. Yang, Chairman of Universal Peace Federation International, who led numerous MEPI delegations, noted that the conference marked the tenth anniversary of the Middle East Peace Initiative of UPF in Israel and Palestine, during which more than 50 international delegations visited Israel and Palestine. He expressed his deepest hope that UPF and MEPI can make a significant contribution to bring peace to the Holy Land: "I have the greatest love and respect for all my Jewish, Christian and Muslim brothers and sisters. I want to see the day when we can live together in peace, harmony and cooperation, like one family; one family under God."
Dr. Thomas Walsh, president of UPF International, underscored the need for increased coordination among experts in international relations with experts in interreligious relations. Professor Eliezer Glaubach, a former elected member of the City Council of Jerusalem, expressed his gratitude as a citizen of Jerusalem for this initiative which brought to Jerusalem thousands of Ambassadors for Peace even in times of international isolation.
The Middle East conflict
Mr. Aamir Javed Sheikh from Norway, a former member of the Oslo parliament, gave a presentation about the political and diplomatic efforts that have been done to bring an end to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the past last two decades. Hon. Nadia Hilou, a former member of the Israeli parliament, pointed out that even though 20 years have passed since the Oslo Accord, the principles of the peace agreements that were signed are still the basis for every negotiation, treaty and peace initiative that has taken place ever since. She noted that this agreement has been only partially fulfilled, since many unresolved issues remain. Interestingly, the unfulfilled aspects of the agreements were not related to issues of security and armed forces but rather to aspects of soft power domain: mistrust and suspicion, lack of sympathy and charged relations.
Dr. Willem Frederick van Eekelen, a member of the Netherlands Advisory Commission on European Integration, expressed his concern that the peace process is off track and voiced his fear that if something is not done soon to bring about a peace plan that both sides accept, the worst might happen and peace might be set back permanently.
Dr. Eldad J. Pardo from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem brought to the discussion a broad viewpoint regarding key aspects that need to be considered when addressing the conflict in the Middle East. He focused on four main points: 1) The role of Iran in fomenting instability in the Middle East, particularly in Syria and Iraq, and the danger posed by its ballistic missiles and nuclear project; 2) the perceived untrustworthiness of the US among her chief Middle Eastern allies; 3) the variety of types among the political entities in the Middle East; and 4) the challenge of education for peace in the region.
According to Dr. Pardo, the common denominator of the four areas is the religious dimension, a sine qua non in Middle Eastern politics. As a revolutionary religious country, Iran tries to force its hegemony over the largely Sunni Arab world unleashing wars and conflicts continuously. The US tries to find a way to collaborate with political Islam but fails to find the way to support the moderates. It did not support Iranian Muslim reformers in 2009, but allowed the anti-democratic Muslim Brotherhood to take over Egypt. Saudi Arabia, dismayed by the US abandonment of the pro-democracy groups in Egypt and support for Iran and Hezbollah in their aggressive stance vis a vis against the Syrian people, plays a problematic role in supporting Sunni militants.
"The Middle East, being a patchwork of ethnic and religious groups must," said Dr. Pardo, "find its own polities – tribal, confessional and national – but should also respect both religion and basic human rights. The chief among them is the right to be alive."
Finally, Dr. Pardo pointed out that education that perpetuates hostility is unfortunately widespread across the Middle East, not surprisingly leading to atrocities and bloodshed against helpless "others." Such education and accompanying attitudes in the school systems remain cardinal stumbling blocks on the road to peace.
Based on his analysis of the situation, Dr. Pardo also suggested that a solution be sought on a regional basis, with much emphasis on the role of religion – mainly Islam, but also with respect for and involvement of the entire region's religions. A Shami – Levantine – approach should be implemented, beginning with education for peace and love, and with much emphasis on the shared religious values and cultural heritage of the Shami peoples, confessions and ethnic groups. Heavy-duty security measures should accompany the lengthy educational and religious processes, which could guarantee a solid change for the better.
A suggestion for support from another angle was brought up by Prof. Quan Yi Zhang from Zhejiang Wanli University International Politics Department in the People’s Republic of China. Prof. Zhang suggested that China – as a country of a non-Abrahamic faith – can be a mediator and supporter in the Middle East conflict, since it has no burden from past connections with the region.
The need for “soft power”
When talking about areas of conflict and war, issues such as armed forces and politics are of great concern. Understanding the necessity for conventional discussions about hard power while realizing that the hard-power approach by itself cannot bring conflicts to an end, UPF is focusing on soft power approaches to peace.
Prof. Rafig Y. Aliyev, Director of IRSHAD Center of Islamic Studies in Azerbaijan, dedicated his presentation to the relationships among a governance system (power), civil society and religion. He argued that the governance system, civil society and religion are one integrated organism and should be treated and researched as such, not separately as has been done traditionally. One should consider their relationship in terms of interdependence and inter-cooperation. "Power, society and religion have never been truly hostile to one another," said Prof. Aliyev, "On the contrary, their deep, invisible but evident relations existed over the centuries and continue to exist." Without organic relations, the power structures, which are founded on society, would have collapsed. Society in turn gets the energy and strength necessary for its survival and maintenance from the ethical principles of religion.
According to Prof. Aliyev, the role of religion is as important as the role of the governance system and the civil society: "Without the inner self-control system which is peculiar to religion, no society with any chosen form of government would have endured and maintained a balance of power."
A different perspective and another aspect of soft power were added by Fr. Eliseo Mercado, convener of the National Peace Council in the Philippines. His argument was based on global warming and on the danger it poses to every human being around the world: "The great meltdown of the glaciers threatens the survival of the planet. No ifs and no buts. We are now all considered ‘endangered species’ threatened either by inundation or by hunger. At stake is not individual lives or single or group of nations but the entire planet! It calls for a new relationship – a new solidarity for all peoples across political and ideological boundaries, across cultures and religions." Fr. Mercado suggested uniting the populations on the globe through activities and concerns for nature. Through working together and focusing on a common goal, enmities are forgotten and friendships can arise.
The crisis in Syria
One session in the conference was dedicated to the current crisis in Syria. UPF convened an important consultation on the crisis in Syria in Amman, Jordan, in October 2013, and produced the UPF "Amman Interfaith Statement" encouraging faith leaders to raise their voices in unison in calling for a resolution of the crisis. The speakers in this session built on the work accomplished in Jordan earlier this year and offered their thoughts on Geneva II and the way to resolve the crisis in Syria.
Most of the speakers proposed paths to bring the crisis to an end using the tools of soft power. Prof Quan Yi Zhang recommend setting up three committees, being composed of religious leaders, political elites and state officials, to handle conflicts from the grassroots, bureaucratic and system levels. He also suggested that UPF, as a non-governmental organization promoting interfaith understanding and cooperation, can play a unique role as a go-between in such an initiative.
Dr. Leo Gabriel, president of the Institute for Intercultural Research and Cooperation in Austria, said that a military solution for the Syrian conflict is neither possible nor desirable. His initiative is to convene a Conference of Civil Society on Syria to be held outside Syria, in Vienna. The participants of such a conference would be leading figures and activists close to the civilian population and not representatives of the hierarchies of political organizations. This implies that a variety of sectors be represented at the conference, including religious confessions, educational and health-care institutions, different ethnicities (e.g., Kurds), women, workers and representatives from businesses both large and small from different parts of the country.
Ms. Patricia Raynaud Lalonde from the Institute for Prospective and Security Studies in Europe, based in France, talked about the Syrian crisis, which has sent 1,000,000 refugees to Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey, and killed so many innocent people including women and children. As a participant in the UPF Amman conference, she reported about its recommendation to organize a Track 2 conference in Geneva in parallel with Geneva II to give voice to representatives of the Syrian civil society, women and religious leaders.
Dr. Mordechai Kedar from the Department of Arabic Literature in Bar Ilan University, Israel, claimed that in order to solve the crisis in Syria the root problem should be solved: "Much of the Middle East is made up of artificially constructed nation states. In many nations, such as Syria, there are multiple tribal and ethnic groups that would prefer to live independently rather than as one country under one regime." This pattern is not unique to the Middle East and one can observe it in other places around the world such as in the former Yugoslavia, separatist factions in Spain, Canada, the UK, Sudan, etc." According to Dr. Kedar, peace requires allowing various ethnic and religious groups to form their own nation states, perhaps along the lines of the United Arab Emirates or the Yugoslavia model. The illegitimate borders were drawn by colonial powers, and he suggested that they should to be erased and replaced by new borders that will honor the culture of the local ethnic, tribal, religious and sectarian groups.
Rev. Dr. William A. McComish from Switzerland, president of the Geneva Spiritual Appeal, noted a similarity between the Vietnam War and the war in Syria. The Vietnam War was a war between capitalist world and communist world, while the war in Syria is a surrogate war between Shia and Sunni Islam. Dr. McComish expressed his opinion about the importance of having a “track II” conference in Geneva in parallel to Geneva II. One its important aims would be the introduction of religious and spiritual discussions into what is going to be yet another political debate, a very masculine political debate. In his view, the “track II” conferences in Geneva should be a religious and spiritual conference that brings in other people, including women and religious people, who will not be part of the discussions between the big powers at Geneva.
The soft power of interfaith
On Mt. Scopus, with its vistas of mosques, churches and the holy Jewish places in the old city of Jerusalem, there was no more appropriate place than this for interfaith discussions and exploring the potential for interreligious cooperation. While the roots of the conflict in the land of Israel and Palestine are complex and labyrinthine, one can only wonder what might be possible if relations among Jews, Christians and Muslims were vastly improved. Participants offered their wisdom on the relevance of interfaith cooperation for peace in Israel and Palestine.
Religion is an immanent part of the conflict; therefore, it is an immanent part of the solution.
Mr. George E. Stephan, the regional internal auditor of the Middle East Council of Churches Department of Services to Palestinian Refugees, based his appeal for peace on Christian values: "From a small grotto in Bethlehem a message of love, hope, justice and peace was spread all over the world. For us Christians, the Infant baby is the Prince of Peace and His message is one of reaching out with love, compassion, understanding and forgiveness. Indeed the need for a resolution of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is a big challenge. And yet it the responsibility of each and every one of us to make peace through acknowledging the other and through seeing his story, his fear and his hope.… Despite injustices, we carry the message of Jesus Christ in our hearts, to overcome voices of hatred and despair. Despite the hardships we are facing, we have the obligation to look into the future with hope and with open eyes."
Dr. McComish from Switzerland reported about the Geneva Spiritual Appeal. The document included a refusal to invoke a religious or spiritual power to justify violence, discrimination and exclusion, and a refusal to exploit or dominate others by means of strength, intellectual capacity or spiritual persuasion, wealth or social status. It was signed in Geneva on United Nations Day in 1999 by religious leaders of many religions and people from civil society. This text, according to Dr. McComish, has become more important as years go on.
Rabbi Michael Melchior, a former Minister for Social Affairs and Diaspora in the Israeli government, talked about his involvement in the January 2002 conference in Alexandria, Egypt where, in the midst of the second Intifada, Jewish, Christian and Muslim religious leaders gathered in a common interreligious effort for peace. They signed a declaration in which they called for putting an end to any kind of incitement and bloodshed in the name of religion.
Rabbi Melchior noted that traditional diplomacy, despite the good will of many from around the world, has failed to bring peace to the Middle East. The basic agreement has been on the table for a long time, and the will exists from both sides to reach a peaceful solution. "Why then," he asked, "are we not getting there? We must ask ourselves what went wrong in all the previous attempts." According to Melchior the concept has been wrong, since the efforts were made to attain a secular peace. All attempts excluded the religious element in hope they would disappear. But they didn't disappear and toppled down all peace efforts. He called for a religious peace and believes it would be successful because it is inclusive and not exclusive. It stems from the belief in one God and is built upon values and justice, and not upon interests. "Religious peace can support the political peace," he said.
Rabbi Melchior concluded his speech with an optimistic statement of belief that we are at a significant turning point. There are Israelis and Palestinians, Jews, Muslims and Christians who are ready to meet at the table to work towards a solution. Meetings such as this conference are important in that regard.
Dr. Yang talked about the vision of UPF founder, Father Sun Myung Moon, who believed sincerely that the fate of the world was directly related to the unity of the Abrahamic religions. If religious division persists, then conflicts will prevail not only on the level of religious doctrines but also on the political and military levels. In other words, peace cannot be achieved on the political level until peace is achieved on the spiritual level. Thus, he believed that interfaith dialogue is absolutely needed as one of the major tools to create a stable and substantial foundation for peace.
It is not enough to teach the words of the holy scriptures; we must live according to them.
Mr. Emmanuel Chouraqui, a filmmaker from Beamlight in France, is a son of André Chouraqui, who translated the Old Testament, the New Testament and the Qur’an into French and was one of the first activists in Jerusalem in the field of interfaith understanding. Inspired by his father's legacy, Mr. Chouraqui shared his understanding that the holy scriptures ultimately convey one and the same message, which is, that humankind is one family whose members, created in the image of the Creator, should respect one another, love their neighbors as themselves, and forsake wars and violence of all kinds.
Sheik Shafayat Mohamed, principal of the Darul Uloom Islamic Institute in the US, called upon all religious people to apply their holy scriptures. "If we live according to our holy scriptures peace would be easily achieved," he claimed. "Jews and Muslims are brothers: offspring of Ishmael and Isaac. They are family members. They should naturally love and respect one another," he said and referred to Rev. Sun Myung Moon's vision of "one family under God." Dr. Rouchdy Saleh Hassan from Egypt said that he is applying this attitude in his life. He stressed the need for unity among the Abrahamic religions and indicated that when asked about his own religious preference, he is often inclined to respond: "Abrahamic."
Dr. Michael W. Jenkins, a member of the UPF’s MEPI Steering Committee, explored in depth the call to live according to the holy scriptures: scriptures teach that we should respect and love the other; external efforts are not effective if our hearts don't resonate with this value. "If I, as a Christian, go to a mosque and hug a sheikh and go to a synagogue and hug a rabbi, but come home and tell my wife that actually I don't really like this sheikh and the rabbi was not as polite to me as I expected him to be, then my external efforts would not bear meaningful fruits.”
Religions and religious leaders should challenge themselves.
Rabbi Reuven Khaskin, an educator and tour guide from Israel, mentioned that religion is often used as the main driving force of hatred, animosity and conflict. If so, "How can we, religious leaders, bring that change, and bridge the gap of animosity and mutual distrust?" he asked. His answer was that while religious leaders represent different faiths and religious traditions, all share a common understanding that humankind was created in the image of God. Rabbi Khaskin quoted the former Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the British Commonwealth Lord Jonathan Sacks: "Can I recognize God’s image in someone who is not in my image, whose language, faith, ideals, are different from mine? If I cannot, then I have made God in my image instead of allowing him to remake me in his."
Rabbi Khaskin concluded his words with a commentary on the appearance of God to Moses in the burning bush. "God could have appeared to Moses in the shape of a broad, tall tree. Instead God appeared to him in the shape of a tiny bush. Why is that so?" he asked. The answer he gave was that God wants to teach us humility. God is present when we are humble enough to see him. If we are humble enough to acceptthe other and learn to know the other, then we meet God face to face.
Rev. Hjortur Magni Johannsson, head minister of the Free Lutheran Church in Iceland, commented on his disappointment with fundamentalism and religious extremism. He sees religious triumphalism, be it Jewish, Christian or Islamic, as an expression of insecurity. Pure religion should be about peaceful communication in love and respect. Religion should be about communicating with the “other” (as the philosopher Martin Buber defined the term), those who are on the other side of the wall.
In light of the challenges of fundamentalism and fanaticism, Rev. Johannsson suggested the need for new paradigms; new ways of understanding and living out our particularities in the midst of pluralism: "We need to be inclusive not exclusive, tolerant not judgmental, preferring compassion, and mercy rather than strict righteousness legalism or harsh punishment. All of this is summed up by Father Moon´s high and beautiful ideal of: 'Living for the sake of others.'"
Rev. Johannsson challenged religious conceptions and institutions: "Perhaps this ideal will be reached by going beyond religion,” and supported this thought with words of Father Moon: "Nothing exists for its own sake. Religion, too, does not exist for its own sake but for the sake of love and peace. Once world peace is accomplished, there will be no further need for religion. The ultimate purpose of religion is to bring about the reality of a human community filled with love and peace."
He appealed to people to come to the place where they see their faith not only as a part of our security system in life but go further and connect their faith with what it means to be human. When religion is being misused we need to seek God beyond the peculiarities and divisions of religion. Only there will our gaze turn toward the mystery of God, the mystery of life, the mystery of love and the mystery of being, of being human.
Leadership and vision
Several significant issues were discussed in the two and a half days of deliberations. The first issue, leadership, was brought up in the opening session by Hon. Ran Cohen, a former minister of the Israeli government. "What makes a good leader?" Hon. Cohen asked, and then replied: “The one who uplifts his people and opens for them new and better horizons.” He cited as an example the late Nelson Mandela and lamented the lack of visionary leadership in the Middle East at this time period: "The conflict in our region is so complicated that good and visionary leaders are absolutely needed in order to bring it to a good conclusion," he said.
Hon. Bob McEwen, a former member of the US House of Representatives, responded to the question of effective leadership. He argued that an effective leadership is based on vision and ideas, and that every constructed object, such as a building, is an expression of a vision and a blueprint. Effective leadership must have a spiritual dimension that provides direction and guidance. Leadership that lacks vision and internal clarity will not be effective in achieving objectives.
The need for vision and understanding was strongly emphasized by Dr. Young Tack Yang, the regional chair of UPF-Middle East, who mentioned also the famous "I have a dream" speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., longing for the day when nobody is a slave anymore and everyone would be treated equally regardless of their skin color.
"Am I wrong to have a dream that Israelis and Palestinians become one family in the Middle East, or that Judaism, Christianity and Islam become one?" asked Dr. Yang. Indeed we have different ideas and opinions, and yet if we can have a dream and ideal, such as peace and happiness for all human beings, then to make this dream a reality we would have no choice but to invest in and deepen our understanding of the other. In this way this common dream would bring us closer.
Education and practical recommendations
Fr. Joseph Saghbini, the auxiliary patriarchal vicar in the Greek-Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Jerusalem, emphasized the misuse of religious values and talked painfully about children being educated to hate and become human bombs or gun carriers. Prof. Quan Yi Zhang related to the media ethics as an issue to be considered, since the media is often being used to fuel hatred and encourage feelings of resentment and the thirst for revenge. Regarding the crucial role of education for hate in the Middle East conflict, Dr. Eldad Pardo suggested that education for peace should be a part of any peace initiative.
Dr. Nodar Sarjveladze, chair of the Foundation for the Development of Human Resources in Georgia, raised a question regarding the rarity of cooperation between NGOs, religious leaders and interfaith associations in preventing and resolving conflicts. In his understanding, such cooperation is highly needed. He sees the roots of the problem in the insufficient coverage of the topic "peace and world religions" in the educational programs and curricula in the majority of countries. "It is strange that many societies place high value on peace and religion and yet the connection between peacebuilding and religion is rarely addressed in school systems."
He suggested that students should be taught about the contribution to peacebuilding of religious values and traditions and that educational programs should include materials on religious narratives about peace and war, about the cultivation of the soul, including peace in our souls, peace in our families, peace in social groups, and peace in international relationships. "Having absorbed this information during their school years, young people will become more sensitive to religious aspects of conflict resolution, and will become more open to cooperation with religious representatives."
Dr. Sarjveladze suggested that an educational program about "peace and world religion" should be developed by UPF and its experts, submitted to the UN, and from the UN be distributed to nations around the world.
For the opening address by Dr. Charles S. Yang, chairman of the Universal Peace Federation, click here.
The Dec. 19-22, 2013 conference built on the foundation of UPF's Oct. 11-13 conference in Amman, Jordan, on a similar theme. For a report, click here.
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